Research/art/teacher profile of a person
Name and surname:
prof. MUDr. Milan Buc, DrSc.
Document type:
Research/art/teacher profile of a person
The name of the university:
Comenius University Bratislava
The seat of the university:
Šafárikovo námestie 6, 818 06 Bratislava

I. - Basic information

I.1 - Surname
Buc
I.2 - Name
Milan
I.3 - Degrees
prof, M.D., DSc.
I.4 - Year of birth
1944
I.5 - Name of the workplace
Faculty of Medicine Comenius University, Institute of Microbiology
I.6 - Address of the workplace
Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava
I.7 - Position
M.D., professor, DSc.
I.8 - E-mail address
milan.buc@fmed.uniba.sk
I.9 - Hyperlink to the entry of a person in the Register of university staff
https://portals.vs/regzam/detail/3102
I.10 - Name of the study field in which a person works at the university
Immunology
I.11 - ORCID iD
0000-0003-3519-5947

II. - Higher education and further qualification growth

II.1 - First degree of higher education
II.2 - Second degree of higher education
II.a - Name of the university or institution
Comenius University, Faculty of Medicine, Bratislava, M.D.
II.b - Year
1968
II.c - Study field and programme
Pediatry
II.3 - Third degree of higher education
II.a - Name of the university or institution
Comenius University, Faculty of Medicine, Bratislava
II.b - Year
1976
II.c - Study field and programme
Immunology
II.4 - Associate professor
II.a - Name of the university or institution
Comenius University, Faculty of Medicine, Bratislava
II.b - Year
1980
II.c - Study field and programme
Immunology
II.5 - Professor
II.a - Name of the university or institution
Comenius University, Faculty of Medicine, Bratislava
II.b - Year
1988
II.c - Study field and programme
Immunology
II.6 - Doctor of Science (DrSc.)
II.a - Name of the university or institution
Comenius University, Faculty of Medicine, Bratislava
II.b - Year
1987
II.c - Study field and programme
Immunology

III. - Current and previous employment

III.a - Occupation-position III.b - Institution III.c - Duration
secondary physician Regional hospital Krupina July 1, 1968 - August 31, 1969
assistant/special assistant (1969 - 1980), associate professor (1981 - 1988), professor (1989 - till now) Comenius University, Faculty of Medicine, Bratislava 1.09.1969 - till now (1.9.1969 - 31.01.1992: Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, 1.02.1992 - 31.08.2023: Institute of Immunology, 1.09.2023 till now: Institute of Microbiology

IV. - Development of pedagogical, professional, language, digital and other skills

IV.a - Activity description, course name, other IV.b - Name of the institution IV.c - Year
The study stay with the aims of learning the methods of determining HLA molecules for transplantation purposes and to transfer them to the institute,s newly created transplant immunology laboratory. Subsequently, start with the selection of donor-recipient pairs for kidney and later bone marrow transplants in Slovakia. Immunology Department at Hospital Saint-Louis, Paris 8.11.1975 till 10.07.1976
The study stay with the aim of learning methodological procedures for the production of monoclonal antibodies. Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Oncology, Genoa, Italy 1984, 5 months
The study stay with the aim of becoming familiar with the methods for determining the alleles encoding HLA transplantation molecules and subsequently creating the conditions for their introduction into clinical practice. Department of Immunology, Middlesex Hospital, University of London 1993, three months
The study stay with the aim of establishing cooperation between both workplaces in the determination of HLA transplant markers. Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University Clinic, Essen 1995, two months

V. - Overview of activities within the teaching career at the university

V.1 - Overview of the profile courses taught in the current academic year according to study programmes
V.1.a - Name of the profile course V.1.b - Study programme V.1.c - Degree V.1.d - Field of study
Immunology General Medicine II. General Medicine
Dentistry Immunology II Dentistry
V.2 - Overview of the responsibility for the delivery, development and quality assurance of the study programme or its part at the university in the current academic year
V.2.a - Name of the study programme V.2.b - Degree V.2.c - Field of study
Immunology and Microbiology I + II + III Immunology and Microbiology
V.3 - Overview of the responsibility for the development and quality of the field of habilitation procedure and inaugural procedure in the current academic year
V.4 - Overview of supervised final theses
V.4.1 - Number of currently supervised theses
V.4.b - Diploma (second degree)
more than 30
V.4.c - Dissertation (third degree)
21
V.4.2 - Number of defended theses
V.5 - Overview of other courses taught in the current academic year according to study programmes
V.5.a - Name of the course V.5.b - Study programme V.5.c - Degree V.5.d - Field of study
Clinical Immunology General Medicine II. Clinical Immunology

VI. - Overview of the research/artistic/other outputs

VI.1 - Overview of the research/artistic/other outputs and the corresponding citations
VI.1.1 - Number of the research/artistic/other outputs
VI.1.a - Overall
614
VI.1.b - Over the last six years
52
VI.1.2 - Number of the research/artistic/other outputs registered in the Web of Science or Scopus databases
VI.1.a - Overall
194
VI.1.b - Over the last six years
9
VI.1.3 - Number of citations corresponding to the research/artistic/other outputs
VI.1.a - Overall
1456
VI.1.b - Over the last six years
318
VI.1.4 - Number of citations registered in the Web of Science or Scopus databases
VI.1.a - Overall
1168
VI.1.b - Over the last six years
318
VI.1.5 - Number of invited lectures at the international, national level
VI.1.a - Overall
more than 40, out of them approx. 10 at the international level
VI.1.b - Over the last six years
5
VI.2 - The most significant research/artistic/other outputs
1

Sandor, F., Buc, M.: Toll-like receptors. I. Structure, function and their ligands. Folia Biol. 2005; 51: 148-156

2

Kantárová D, Buc M, Genetic susceptibility to Type I diabetes mellitus in humans. Physiol Res 2007; 56: 255-266

3

Buc, M., Fazekašová, H., Čechová, H., Hegyi, E., Kolibášová, K., Ferenčík, S.: Occurrence rate of HLA-DRB1, HLA-DQB1, and HLA-DPB1 alleles in patients suffering from vitiligo. Eur J Dermatol 1998; 1: 13-15

4

Buc, M, Porubská S, Bencová M, Nyulassy Š, Štefanovič J, HLA-DP antigens provide the proliferative impetus for the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Tissue Antigens 1988, 32: 291-294

5

Autozápalový proces v patogenéze generalizovanej pustulárnej psoriázy a perspektívy jej cielenej liečby = Autoinflammatory process in the pathogenesis of generalized pustular psoriasis and perspectives of its targeted therapy / Javor, Juraj [Korešpondenčný autor, 80%] ; Buc, Milan [Autor, 10%] ; Bucová, Mária [Autor, 10%]. – WOS CC ; SCO.In: Epidemiologie, mikrobiologie, imunologie [textový dokument (print)] [elektronický dokument] : časopis společnosti pro epidemiologii a mikrobiologii České lékařské společnosti J.E. Purkyně. – Praha (Česko) : Česká lékařská společnost Jana Evangelisty Purkyně. – ISSN 1210-7913. – ISSN (online) 1805-451X. – Roč. 70, č. 3 (2021), s. 199-207 [tlačená forma] [online]

VI.3 - The most significant research/artistic/other outputs over the last six years
1

Buc M. Basic and Clinical Immunology. Bratislava, Comenius University 2020, 553 pp.

2

Shawkatová I, Javor J. Párnická Z, Bucová M, Čopíková-Cudráková D, Michalík J, Gmitterová K, Čierny D, Buc M, Ďurmanová V. Analysis of ICAM1 gene polymorphism in Slovak multiple sclerosis patients. Folia Microbiol 2017; 62: 287-293.

3

Buc M. Mechanisms of action of regulatory lymphocytes and a possibility to use them in the treatment of autoimmune diseases and GvH reactions. Bratisl Med J 2020; 121 (1): 3–7.

4

Buc M, Recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis and biological treatment of multiple sclerosis. Bratislava Med. J 2023; 124(12):903-6

5

Autoinflammatory process in the pathogenesis of generalized pustular psoriasis and perspectives of its targeted therapy / Javor, Juraj Buc M (10%) Bucová, Mária (10%) – WOS CC ; SCO.In: Epidemiology, mikrobiologiy, imunology.. Prague. ISSN 1210-7913. – ISSN (online) 1805-451X. – 2021; 70(3: 199-207.

VI.4 - The most significant citations corresponding to the research/artistic/other outputs
1

ADC01 Buc, Milan - Nyulassy, Štefan - Štefanovič, Ján - Michalko, Jozef - Mozolová, D.: HL-A system and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis In: Tissue Antigens. - Vol. 4, No. 4 (1974), s. 395-397 Ohlasy (27): 1. [o1] 1987 Monos, D.S. - Zmijewski, C.M.: EOS-Rivista di immunologia ed Immunofarmacologias, vol. 7, no. 1, 1987, 1, s. 5-10 - SCI. 2. [o1] 1985 Howard, J.F. - Sigsbee, A. - Glass, D.N.: Journal of Rheumatology, vol. 12, no. 1, 1985, s. 7-12 - SCI. 3. [o1] 1982 Oen, K. - Petty, R.E. - Schroeder, M.L.: Journal of Rheumatology, vol. 9, no. 6, 1982, s. 916-920 - SCI. 4. [o1] 1982 Margo, C.E. - Trobe, J.D. - Shuster, J.J.: Acta Ophthalmologica vol. 60, no. 4, 1982, s. 533-546 - SCI. 5. [o1] 1982 Sachs, J.A.: Curr. Topics Pathol., vol. 71, 1982, s. 235-264 - SCI. 6. [o1] 1982 Michels, H. - Schumann, L. - Truckenbrodt, H. - Renz, K.: Klin. Padiatr., vol. 194, no. 2, 1982, s. 104-108 - SCI. 7. [o1] 1981 Miller, M.L. - Glass, D.N.: B. Rheum. Dis., vol. 31, no. 5, 1981, s. 21-24 - SCI. 8. [o1] 1979 Schaller, J.G.: Clin. Orthop. Relat. R., 1979, 143, s. 76-83 - SCI. 9. [o1] 1979 Middleton, D. - Logan, J.S. - Magennis, B.P. - Nelson, S.D.: Brit. J. Ind. Med., vol. 36, no. 2, 1979, s. 123-126 - SCI. 10. [o1] 1978 Muller, J.Y.: Rev. Fr. Transfus. Immu., vol. 21, no. 3, 1978, s. 823-864 - SCI.

2

ADC20 Buc, Milan - Bušová, Božena - Hegyi, Eugen. - Kolibášová, Klaudia : Vitiligo in Associated with HLA-A2 and HLA-Dw7 in the Slovak Population In: Folia biologica (Prague). - Vol. 42, No. 1-2 (1996), s. 23-25 Ohlasy (26): 1. [o1] 1998 Hedley, S.J. - Metcalfe, R. - Gawkrodger, D.J.: British Journal of Dermatology, vol. 139, no. 6, 1998, s. 965-973 - SCI 2. [o1] 1998 Kovacs, S.O.: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, vol. 38, no. 5, 1998, s. 647-666 - SCI 3. [o1] 2001 Mehra, N. - Jaini, R. - Rajalingam, R. - Balamurugan, A. - Kaur, G.: Tissue Antigens, vol. 57, no. 6, 2001, s. 502-507 - SCI ; SCOPUS 4. [o1] 2001 Van den Wijngaard, R. - Wankowicz- Kalinska, A. - Pals, S. - Weening, J. - Das, P.: Laboratory Investigation, vol. 81, no. 8, 2001, s. 1061-1067 - SCI ; SCOPUS 5. [o1] 2001 Kemp, E.H. - Waterman, E.A. - Weetman, A.P.: Autoimmunity, vol. 34, no. 1, 2001, s. 65-77 - SCI ; SCOPUS 6. [o1] 2002 Vogel, A. - Strassburg, C.P. - Obermayer-Straub, P. - Brabant, G. - Manns, M. P.: Journal of Molecular Medicine -JMM, vol. 80, no. 4, 2002, s. 201-211 - SCI ; SCOPUS 7. [o1] 2002 Iannello, S. - Camuto, M. - Cantarella, S. - Cavaleri, A. - Ferriero, P. - Leanza, A. - Malizzo, P.: Clinical Rheumatology, vol. 21, no. 1, 2002, s. 76-81 - SCI ; SCOPUS 8. [o1] 2003 Mandelcorn-Monson, R.I. - Shear, N.H. - Yau, E. - Sambhara, S. - Barber, B.H. - Spaner, D. - DeBenedette, M.A.: Journal of Investigative Dermatology, vol. 121, no. 3, 2003, s. 550-556 - SCI ; SCOPUS 9. [o1] 2003 Shankarkumar, U.: British Journal of Biomedical Science, vol. 60, no. 2, 2003, s. 109-112 - SCI ; SCOPUS 10. [o1] 2003 Shankarkumar, U. - Prasanavar, D. - Ghosh, K. - Mohanty, D.: Human Immunology, vol. 64, no. 5, 2003, s. 562-566 - SCI ; SCOPUS

3

ADC30 Sandor, F. - Buc, Milan : Toll-like receptors : I. Structure, function and their ligands Literatúra s. 154-157 In: Folia biologica (Prague). - Roč. 51, č. 5 (2005), s. 148-157 Ohlasy (35): 1. [o1] 2007 Rayburn, E.R. - Wang, W. - Zhang, R.W. - Wang, H.: International Journal of Oncology, vol. 30, no. 6, 2007, s. 1511-1519 - SCI 2. [o1] 2007 Ferenčík, M. - Štvrtinová, V. - Hulín, I. - Novák, M.: Folia Microbiologica, vol. 52, no. 2, 2007, s. 159-173 - SCI ; SCOPUS 3. [o1] 2007 [Anon]: Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, vol. 17, no. 10, 2007, s. 1299-1308 - SCI ; SCOPUS 4. [o1] 2008 Dharmadhikari, A.S. - Nardell, E.A.: American Journal of Respiratory Cell an Molecular Biology, vol. 39, no. 5, 2008, s. 503-508 - SCI ; SCOPUS 5. [o1] 2008 McFall-Ngai, M.: Advances in Medicine and Biology, vol. 635, 2008, s. 102-112 - SCI 6. [o1] 2008 Suzuki, T. - Chow, C.W. - Downey, G.P.: International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, vol. 40, no. 6-7, 2008, s. 1348-1361 - SCI ; SCOPUS 7. [o1] 2008 Gupta, K. - Cooper, C.: Drugs in R & D, vol. 9, no. 3, 2008, s. 137-145 - SCI ; SCOPUS 8. [o1] 2009 Phillipps, K.S.M. - Wykes, M.N. - Liu, X.Q. - Brown, M. - Blanchfield, J. - Toth, I.: Immunology, vol. 128, no. 1, 2009, s. e582-e588 - SCI ; SCOPUS 9. [o1] 2009 Hua, F. - Wang, J. - Sayeed, I. - Ishrat, T. - Atif, F. -Stein, D.G.: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 390, no. 3, 2009, s. 678-683 - SCI ; SCOPUS 10. [o1] 2009 Borysiewicz, E. - Fil, D. - Dlaboga, D. - O´Donnell, J.M. - Konat, GW.: Metabolic Brain Disease, vol. 24, no. 3, 2009, s. 481-491 - SCI ; SCOPUS

4

ADE01 Buc, Milan 80% - Dzurilla, Martin - Vrlík, Mojmír - Bucová, Mária 10%: Immunopathogenesis of bronchial asthma In: Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis. - Vol. 57, No. 5 (2009), s. 331-344 Ohlasy (14): 1. [o1] 2010 Swedin, L. - Ellis, R. - Neimert-Andersson, T. - Ryrfeldt, A. - Nilsson, G. - Inman, M. - Dahlén, S.E. - Adner, M.: Prostaglandis and Other Lipid Mediators, vol. 92, no. 1-2, 2010, s. 44-53 - SCI ; SCOPUS 2. [o1] 2010 Kim, M.M. - Kim, S.K.: Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol. 48, no. 10, 2010, s. 2925-2933 - SCI ; SCOPUS 3. [o1] 2010 Baxter, D.: Human Vaccines, vol. 6, no. 6, 2010, s. 494-505 - SCI ; SCOPUS 4. [o1] 2010 Li, H.J. - Gai, Q.L. - Lin, M.Y. - Wang, W.X. - Zhang, L.H. - Gao, Y.S. - Li, Y.L. - Wu, J.X. - Dong, L.A.: Cell Biochemistry and Function, vol. 28, no. 7, 2010, s. 597-603 - SCI 5. [o1] 2011 Li, D.Q. - Zhang, L. - Pfluegfelder, S.C. - De Paiva, C.S. - Zhang, X. - Zhao, G. - Zheng, X. - Su, Z. - Qu, Y.: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, vol. 128, no. 6, 2011, s. 1318-1325 - SCI ; SCOPUS 6. [o1] 2011 Mosca, T. - De Menezes, M.C.S. - Dionigi, P.C.L. - Stirbulov, R. - Forte, W.C.N.: Journal di Pediatria, vol. 87, no. 6, 2011, s. 512-516 - SCI ; SCOPUS 7. [o1] 2011 Shimizu, Y. - Dobashi, K. - Fueki, N. - Fueki, M. - Okada, T. - Tomioka, S. - Makino, S. - Mori, M.: Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents, vol. 25, no. 2, 2011, s. 177-186 - SCI ; SCOPUS 8. [o1] 2012 Tefé-Silva, C. - Beneli, C.T. - Celes, M.R. - Machado, E.R. - Ueta, M.T. - Sorgi, C.A. - Floriano, E.M. - Faccioli, L.H. - Ramos, S.G.: Parasitology International, vol. 61, no. 3, 2012, s. 425-430 - SCI ; SCOPUS 9. [o1] 2012 Connelly, C.E. - Sun, Y. - Carbonetti, N.H.: Infection and Immunity, vo. 80, no. 12, 2012, s. 4317-4332 - SCI ; SCOPUS 10. [o1] 2013 Kim, M.S. - Cho, K.A. - Cho, Y.J. - Woo, S.Y.: Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Research, vol. 5, no. 4, 2013, s. 197-206 - SCI ; SCOPUS 11. [o1] 2013 Simms, E. - Kjarsgaard, M. - Denis, S. - Hargreave, F.E. - Nair, P. - Larche, M.: Clinical and Experimental Allergy, vol. 43, no. 11, 2013, s. 1226-1235 - SCI ; SCOPUS

5

ADC07 Shawkatová, Ivana 70% - Javor, Juraj 10% - Párnická, Zuzana 5% - Vražda, Ľubomír 5% - Novák, Michal 5% - Buc, Milan 5%: No association between cytokine gene polymorphism and risk of Alzheimer´s disease in Slovaks In: Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis. - Vol. 70, No. 3 (2010), s. 303-307 Ohlasy (7): 1. [o1] 2011 Han, X.M. - Wang, C.H. - Sima, X. - Liu, S.Y.: Neuroscience Letters, vol. 504, no. 1, 2011, s. 4-8 - SCI ; SCOPUS 2. [o1] 2011 Li, Yanfei - Li, Yi - Shao, Y. - Qian, Y.: Journal of the Neurological Sciences, vol. 309, no. 1-2, 2011, s. 154-155 - SCI ; SCOPUS 3. [o1] 2012 Di Bona, D. - Rizzo, C. - Bonaventura, G. - Candore, G. - Caruso, C.: Journal of Alzheimer´s Disease, vol. 29, no. 4, 2012, s. 751-759 - SCI ; SCOPUS 4. [o1] 2012 Dai, L. - Liu, D. - Guo, H. - Wang, Y. - Bai, Y.: Journal of Neurology, vol. 259, no. 3, 2012, s. 414-419 - SCI ; SCOPUS 5. [o1] 2013 Hua, Y. - Guo, X. - Huang, Q. - Kong, Y. - Lu, X.: International Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 123, no. 9, 2013, s. 626-635 - SCI ; SCOPUS 6. [o1] 2013 Bosco, P. - Ferri, R. - Salluzzo, M.G. - Castellano, S. - Signorelli, M. - Ncoletti, F. - Di Nuovo, S. - Drago, F. - Caraci, F.: Current Genomics, vol. 14, no. 2, 2013, s. 147-156 - SCI ; SCOPUS 7. [o1] 2013 Chang, W.W. - Zhang, L. - Jin, Y.L. - Yao, Y.S.: Journal of Neural Transmission, vol. 120, no. 2, 2013, s. 353-360 - SCI ; SCOPUS

VI.5 - Participation in conducting (leading) the most important research projects or art projects over the last six years
1

Buc M. Basic and Clinical Immunology. KEGA 3/7140/07.

2

Buc M. Basic and Clinical Immunology for Dentistry Students. Comenius University Bratislava, ISBN 978-80-223

VII. - Overview of organizational experience related to higher education and research/artistic/other activities

VII.a - Activity, position VII.b - Name of the institution, board VII.c - Duration
Writing textbooks of the newly established study subject - immunology, a total of 9 monographs and 11 scripts (mostly as a the first author). Comenius Univeristy, Faculty of Medicine During the employment contract
Textbook co-translator: I. Roitt: Basic and Clinical Immunology. Publishing house Osveta Martin, 1973 18 months
Textbook co-translator: K. Nouza: Transplants for life. Osveta Martin Publishing house, Martin 1991 12 months
Help in teaching Immunology in English Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology, Martin 2010 - 2015
Popularization lectures for students and the public. Center for scientific and technical informations of the Slovak Republic. 2010, 2022

VIII. - Overview of international mobilities and visits oriented on education and research/artistic/other activities in the given field of study

VIII.a - Name of the institution VIII.b - Address of the institution VIII.c - Duration (indicate the duration of stay) VIII.d - Mobility scheme, employment contract, other (describe)
Immunology Department at Hospital Saint-Louis Hospital St. Luis, Paris 8.11.1974 till 10.07.1975 Study stay; Prof. J. Dausset, MD, Nobel prize Prize laureate
Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Oncology Genoa, Italy Five months prof. G. B. Ferrara, M.D.
Department of Immunology, Middlesex Hospital, University of London Middlesex Hospital, University of London 1993, three months prof. J.G. Playfair, M.D.
Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Essen University Medizinische Fakultät, Universitätsklinikum Essen two months prof. H. Grosse-Wilde, M.D.
Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy od Sciences The Czech Academy od Sciences, Prague one months A study stay, prof. RNDr. Věra Hašková, DSc.

IX. - Other relevant facts

IX.a - If relevant, other activities related to higher education or research/artistic/other activities are mentioned

A member of the attestation committee of Comenius University, a member of the editorial board of "Central Eur J Immunol". A member of international societies EFIS and IUIS, head of the Institute of Immunology, a member of grant agencies VEGA and APVV, and the chairman of the Slovak Immunological Society.

Significant discoveries, inventions

  • Co-founder of transplant immunology in Slovakia (together with academician J. Štefanovič and Assoc. prof. Š.Nyulassy, DSc. – awarded by the Ministry of Health in 1979.
  • Basic population-genetic information about the major histocompatibility complex in humans (HLA) in the Slovak population.
  • I have contributed to clarifying the relationship between the HLA-complex and some autoimmune diseases (diabetes mellitus, de Quervain's thyroiditis, vitiligo, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis).
  • I am a founder of the teaching of Immunology and Clinical immunology as an independent teaching subject at the Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava. I have written several textbooks in Slovak and English.

Significant rewards:

  • Prize of the Ministry of Health of the Slovak Republic for the development of transplants in Slovakia (1979)
  • Prize of the Literary Fund (1990, 1998, 2002, 2018, 2022)
  • Award of the Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic for lifetime achievements (2014)
  • Prize of the Czech Immunological Society (Pomegranate Immunoglobulin), 2014
  • Prize of the Literary Fund for the Development of Slovak science at home and abroad, 2015
  • Comenius University Rector's Award - meritorious teacher of Comenius University 2018

Conference organizations:

  • Co-organizer of regular conferences: Biological treatment in theory and practice in Bratislava
  • Co-organizer of the international congress MESIA 2021 in Bratislava (Samorin)