Study programme - Approved
Academic year:
 2022/2023
Study programme:
 English Language and Culture and German Language and Culture (bpANNE)
(Single degree study, bachelor I. deg., full time form)
Teaching languages: German, English, Slovak
Study field:
 11. Philology
Person responsible for the delivery, development and quality of the study programme:
 prof. PhDr. Daniel Lančarič, PhD.
Person responsible for the delivery, development and quality of the study programme:
 prof. PhDr. Mária Kusá, CSc.
Person responsible for the delivery, development and quality of the study programme:
 doc. Mgr. Jozef Tancer, PhD.

Study section
Compulsory courses

Block: German language- Compulsory courses min. 53 credits
Block is classified for: bpANNE, bpBUNE, bpCHNE, bpFNNE, bpFRNE, bpHONE, bpLANE, bpMANE, bpNEPL, bpNERU, bpNESK, bpNESP, bpNESV, bpNETA
Required courses are taken by all BPNE students
Subject code Subject title - Teacher Ac. year
/Semester		 Range
and form		 Con-
cluding		 Credits Core
course		 Current
 FiF.KGNŠ/bPTNE-035/22  German linguistic competence 1 - A. Schneider, D. Gligorovski 1/W    4S     H   4        
 FiF.KGNŠ/bPTNE-002-/15  Linguistics 1 - E. Mayerová 1/W    4S     H   4        
 FiF.KGNŠ/bPTNE-028-/15  The Role of Memory in the German Speaking Countries - M. Szabó 1/W    2L     H   3   C      
 FiF.KGNŠ/bPTNE-036/22  Introduction into Translating - T. Sovinec 1/W    2S     H   3        
 FiF.KGNŠ/bPTNE-004-/15  Linguistics 2 - E. Mayerová, M. Šajánková 1/S    4S     H   4        
 FiF.KGNŠ/bPTNE-005-/15  German Linguistic Competence 2 - D. Gligorovski 1/S    4S     H   4        
 FiF.KGNŠ/bPTNE-006-/15  Modern German Language 1 - A. Schneider 2/W    4S     H   4        
 FiF.KGNŠ/bPTNE-037/22  Introduction into Interpreting - J. Stahl, T. Sovinec 2/W    2S     H   3   C      
 FiF.KGNŠ/bPTNE-008-/15  History of German Literature and Culture 1 - J. Tancer 2/W    2L     H   3   C      
 FiF.KGNŠ/bPTNE-010-/15  History of German Literature and Culture 2 - A. Schneider 2/S    1L + 1S     H   3        
 FiF.KGNŠ/bPTNE-009-/15  Modern German Language 2 - M. Šajánková, A. Schneider 2/S    2L + 2S     H   4        
 FiF.KGNŠ/bPTNE-018/20  Translation 1 - Z. Guldanová 3/W    2S     H   2        
 FiF.KGNŠ/bPTNE-019/20  Interpreting 1 - T. Sovinec 3/W    2S     H   2        
 FiF.KGNŠ/bPTNE-850/21  History of German Literature and Culture 3 - M. Szabó 3/W    1L + 1S     H   3   C      
 FiF.KGNŠ/bPTNE-012-/15  Life and Institutions of the German Speaking Countries - A. Schneider 3/W    2L     H   3        
 FiF.KGNŠ/bPTNE-020/20  Translation 2 - Z. Guldanová 3/S    2S     H   2        
 FiF.KGNŠ/bPTNE-021/20  Interpreting 2 - T. Sovinec 3/S    2S     H   2        

Block: English Language and Culture OPT-1 min. 53 credits
Subject code Subject title - Teacher Ac. year
/Semester		 Range
and form		 Con-
cluding		 Credits Core
course		 Current
 FiF.KAA/A-bpAN-101/15  Introduction into the Study of English - B. Borošová 1/W    1L + 1S     H   3        
 FiF.KAA/A-bpAN-102/15  Phonetics and Phonology - B. Borošová 1/W    4S     H   4        
 FiF.KAA/A-bpAN-301/15  Introduction into Translating 1 - M. Kabát 1/W    2S     H   2        
 FiF.KAA/A-bpAN-201/18  Theory and History of British Literature 1 - K. Brziaková 1/S    3S     H   4        
 FiF.KAA/A-bpAN-202/22  History and Culture of Great Britain 1 - K. Brziaková, J. Lonek 1/S    2S     H   3        
 FiF.KAA/A-bpAN-302/22  Introduction into Translating 2 - M. Kabát 1/S    2S     H   3        
 FiF.KAA/A-bpAN-103/15  Morphology and Syntax 1 - D. Lančarič, J. Lonek 2/W    1L + 2S     H   3        
 FiF.KAA/A-bpAN-203/18  Theory and History of British Literature 2 - K. Brziaková, M. Gazdík 2/W    3S     H   4        
 FiF.KAA/A-bpAN-204/15  History and Culture of Great Britain 2 - K. Brziaková, J. Lonek 2/W    2S     H   3        
 FiF.KAA/A-bpAN-303/15  English-Slovak Translation - M. Kabát 2/W    2S     H   2        
 FiF.KAA/A-bpAN-104/15  Morphology and Syntax 2 - D. Lančarič, J. Lonek 2/S    1L + 2S     H   3        
 FiF.KAA/A-bpAN-304/15  Introductory Seminar in Interpreting from English - I. Poláček, P. Šveda, L. Tonková 2/S    2S     H   2        
 FiF.KAA/A-bpAN-105/15  Lexicology and Lexicography - D. Lančarič 3/W    1L + 2S     H   3   C      
 FiF.KAA/A-bpAN-205/22  History and Culture Studies of the USA until the End of the 19th Century - J. Pecina 3/W    2S     H   3        
 FiF.KAA/A-bpAN-206/18  American Literature until the End of the 19th Century - I. Lacko, J. Pecina 3/W    3S     H   4   C      
 FiF.KAA/A-bpAN-306/15  English-Slovak Consecutive Interpreting - P. Šveda, I. Poláček 3/W    2S     H   2   C      
 FiF.KAA/A-bpAN-307/15  Slovak-English Consecutive Interpreting - P. Šveda, I. Poláček 3/S    2S     H   2        
 FiF.KAA/A-bpAN-308/22  Slovak-English Translation - J. Barrer 3/S    2S     H   3        

Block: Compulsory courses - Common Core - Translation and Interpreting Programme min. 29 credits
Students of study programs focused on translation and interpreting enroll in courses of translation to obtain for the entire study a total of 56 credits in the structure: 29 credits for compulsory courses, 12 credits for compulsory elective courses, 3 credits for Bachelor's Degree Thesis Seminar and 12 credits for Bachelor's Degree Thesis Defence.
Students of the specialization Slovak language and culture do not enroll in the courses Practical Grammar of the Slovak Language 1 and Slovak Stylistics for Translators, instead of that they enroll in courses of Slavic language 1 - 3 from the block Slavic languages in the total amount of 9 credits.
Subject code Subject title - Teacher Ac. year
/Semester		 Range
and form		 Con-
cluding		 Credits Core
course		 Current
 FiF.KSJ/A-bpSZ-050/22  Basics in Linguistics for Translators - O. Orgoňová, M. Horváth, M. Kazharnovich, Z. Popovičová Sedláčková 1/W    1L + 1S     H   4   C      
 FiF.KSLLV/A-bpSZ-005/22  Theory of Literature - M. Masaryk, A. Bokníková, M. Mikšík, Z. Kubusová 1/W    1L + 2S     H   5   C      
 FiF.KGNŠ/A-bpSZ-002/15  Translation Studies 1 - M. Štefková 1/S    2L     H   4   C      
 FiF.KSJ/A-AbpSZ-03/15  Practical Grammar of the Slovak Language 1 - K. Muziková, M. Horváth, J. Kišová, Z. Popovičová Sedláčková 1/S    2S     H   4        
 FiF.KAA/A-bpSZ-004/15  Translation Studies 2 - P. Šveda 2/S    2L     H   4   C      
 FiF.KRVŠ/A-bpSZ-71/22  Introduction to the Principles of Literary Translation - M. Kusá 3/W    2L     H   4   C      
 FiF.KSJ/A-bpSZ-051/22  Slovak Stylistics for Translators - O. Orgoňová, Z. Popovičová Sedláčková 3/W    1L + 2S     H   4   C      
 FiF.KSJ/A-bpSZ-051/22  Slovak Stylistics for Translators - O. Orgoňová, Z. Popovičová Sedláčková 3/S    1L + 2S     H   4   C      
 
Compulsory elective courses

Block: Compulsory electives min. 6 credits
The block is classified for: bpANNE, bpBUNE, bpCHNE, bpFNNE, bpFRNE, bpHONE, bpLANE, bpMANE, bpNEPL, bpNERU, bpNESK, bpNESP, bpNESV, bpNESV, bpNETA
Students in the winter semester of the 1st year do NOT enrol in compulsory electives. Compulsory electives are only for students from the summer semester of 1st year. (EN - The block is classified for: bpANNE, bpBUNE, bpCHNE, bpFNNE, bpFRNE, bpHONE, bpLANE, bpMANE, bpNEPL, bpNERU, bpNESK, bpNESP, bpNESV, bpNESV, bpNETA)
Subject code Subject title - Teacher Ac. year
/Semester		 Range
and form		 Con-
cluding		 Credits Core
course		 Current
 FiF.KGNŠ/BNE-350/20  Academic Writing - A. Schneider 2, 3/W    2S     H   3        
 FiF.KGNŠ/bpNE-2111/17  Simultaneous Interpreting 1 - J. Stahl 2, 3/W    2P     H   3        
 FiF.KGNŠ/bPTNE-020-/15  Basics in Legal Language 2 - Z. Guldanová 2, 3/W    2S     H   3        
 FiF.KGNŠ/bpNE-2112/17  Simultaneous Interpreting 2 - J. Stahl 2, 3/S    2P     H   3        
 FiF.KGNŠ/bPTNE-017-/15  Basics in Legal Language 1 - Z. Guldanová 2, 3/S    2S     H   3        
 FiF.KGNŠ/bPTNE-029/17  Chatting in German - D. Gligorovski 1, 2/S    2S     H   3        
 FiF.KGNŠ/bNE0-131,/13  Creative Writing - D. Gligorovski 2, 3/S    2S     H   3        

Block: Compulsory Elective Courses min. 6 credits
The student must obtain a minimum of 6 credits from compulsory elective courses during the period of study.
Subject code Subject title - Teacher Ac. year
/Semester		 Range
and form		 Con-
cluding		 Credits Core
course		 Current
 FiF.KAA/A-buAN-116/15  British English - B. Borošová 2/W    2S     H   3       !  
 FiF.KAA/A-buAN-218/19  Popular Culture of English-Speaking Countries - I. Lacko 2, 3/W    2S     H   3       !  
 FiF.KAA/A-bpAN-220/19  Literature and Film - A. Smiešková 2, 3/W    2S     H   3        
 FiF.KAA/A-bpAN-215/15  English Literature for Children and Adolescents - S. Bajáková 2, 3/W    2S     H   3        
 FiF.KAA/A-bpAN-065/11  Extracurricular Activity 1 - I. Lacko, L. Grauzľová 2, 3/W    2O     H   3        
 FiF.KAA/A-buAN-107/15  Academic Writing - L. Grauzľová 2, 3/W    2S     H   3        
 FiF.KAA/A-buAN-117/20  Introduction into English for Academic Purposes - L. Grauzľová 2, 3/W    2S     H   3       !  
 FiF.KAA/A-buAN-213/15  Introduction into Canadian Literature - L. Grauzľová 2, 3/W    2S     H   3       !  
 FiF.KAA/A-buAN-209/15  Canadian Studies - L. Grauzľová 2, 3/W    2S     H   3       !  
 FiF.KAA/A-buAN-219/22  Canadian History and Society - L. Grauzľová 2, 3/W    2S     H   3       !  
 FiF.KAA/A-buAN-214/15  20th Century Canadian Short Stories - M. Gazdík 3/W    2S     H   3        
 FiF.KAA/A-muAN-103/15  Neologization of English Lexis - M. Hroteková 3/W    2S     H   3        
 FiF.KAA/A-buAN-210/15  Australia and New Zealand Studies - J. Barrer 3/W    2S     H   3        
 FiF.KAA/A-buAN-211/15  18th Century English Novel - M. Gazdík 3/W    2S     H   3       !  
 FiF.KAA/A-bpAN-315/15  Training in Editing and Proofreading - L. Paulínyová 3/W    2S     H   3       !  
 FiF.KAA/A-bpAN-311/15  Seminar in Translating 1 - M. Kabát, L. Tonková 2/W    2S     H   3        
 FiF.KAA/A-bpAN-320/15  Seminar in Theory of Translating 1 - M. Kabát 3/W    2S     H   3       !  
 FiF.KAA/A-buAN-120/17  Lexical and Grammatical Analysis of Written Texts - D. Lančarič 3/W    2S     H   3       !  
 FiF.KAA/A-muAN-110/15  English for Specific Purposes - E. Reid, I. Poláček 3/S    2S     H   3        
 FiF.KAA/A-buAN-119/16  Linguistic Analysis of Written Texts - D. Lančarič 3/W    2S     H   3       !  
 FiF.KAA/A-buAN-118/16  Semantics - D. Lančarič 3/W    1L + 1S     H   3       !  
 FiF.KAA/A-buAN-116/15  British English - B. Borošová 1, 2/S    2S     H   3        
 FiF.KAA/A-buAN-05/15  Practical English Classes - L. Grauzľová, B. Borošová, S. Bajáková, L. Steyne 1/S    2S     H   3        
 FiF.KAA/A-bpAN-314/15  Seminar in Translating 2 - M. Kabát 2/S    2S     H   3       !  
 FiF.KAA/A-buAN-430/18  History of American Comics - J. Pecina 2/S    2S     H   3        
 FiF.KAA/A-buAN-210/17  Australia and New Zealand Studies - J. Barrer 2/S    2S     H   3        
 FiF.KAA/A-buAN-218/15  Popular Culture of English-Speaking Countries - I. Lacko 2/S    2S     H   3        
 FiF.KAA/A-bpAN-066/11  Extracurricular Activity 2 - I. Lacko, L. Grauzľová 2, 3/S    2O     H   3        
 FiF.KAA/A-buAN-209/15  Canadian Studies - L. Grauzľová 2, 3/S    2S     H   3       !  
 FiF.KAA/A-bpAN-221/19  Text and Visual Culture - A. Smiešková 2, 3/S    2S     H   3   C      
 FiF.KAA/A-bpAN-220/20  Literature and Film - A. Smiešková 2, 3/S    2S     H   3       !  
 FiF.KAA/A-buAN-214/15  20th Century Canadian Short Stories - M. Gazdík 2, 3/S    2S     H   3       !  
 FiF.KAA/A-muAN-103/15  Neologization of English Lexis - M. Hroteková 3/S    2S     H   3       !  
 FiF.KAA/A-buAN-107/15  Academic Writing - L. Grauzľová 2, 3/S    2S     H   3        
 FiF.KAA/A-bpAN-305/15  Introduction into Literary Translation - M. Gazdík 3/S    2S     H   2        
 FiF.KAA/A-bpAN-321/15  Seminar in Theory of Translating 2 - M. Kabát 3/S    2S     H   3       !  
 FiF.KAA/A-bpAN-028/14  Slovak-English Translation - J. Barrer 3/S    2S     H   3       !  
 FiF.KAA/A-buAN-211/15  18th Century English Novel - M. Gazdík 3/S    2S     H   3        
 FiF.KAA/A-buAN-213/15  Introduction into Canadian Literature - L. Grauzľová 2, 3/S    2S     H   3        
 FiF.KAA/A-buAN-117/20  Introduction into English for Academic Purposes - L. Grauzľová 2, 3/S    2S     H   3       !  

Block: Compulsory electvie courses - Common Core - Translation and Interpreting Program min. 12 credits
Students choose courses from the block according to their own interest in the total amount of at least 12 credits for the entire period of study.
Students of the specialization Slovak language and culture do not enroll in the courses Practical Grammar of the Slovak Language 2, Lexicology for Translators and Orthoepy and Orthography.
Subject code Subject title - Teacher Ac. year
/Semester		 Range
and form		 Con-
cluding		 Credits Core
course		 Current
 FiF.Dek/A-bpSZ-030/22  Introduction into Corpus Linguistics - V. Benko 1, 2, 3/W    2S     H   4        
 FiF.Dek/A-bpSZ-030/22  Introduction into Corpus Linguistics - V. Benko 1, 2, 3/S    2S     H   4        
 FiF.KSJ/A-AbpSZ-20/15  Orthoepy and Orthography - Z. Popovičová Sedláčková 1, 2/S    2S     H   4        
 FiF.KSLLV/A-bpSL-07/22  Theory of Literature 2 - A. Bokníková, M. Masaryk, M. Mikšík, Z. Kubusová 1, 2/S    2L + 2S     H   4   C      
 FiF.KAA/A-bpSZ-027/22  Computer-Assisted Translating 1 - I. Poláček 2, 3/W    2S     H   4        
 FiF.KSLLV/A-bpSZ-02/22  Editing and Editorial Training - M. Vojtech 2, 3/W    2S     H   4        
 FiF.KSJ/A-AbpSZ-06/15  Practical Grammar of the Slovak Language 2 - K. Muziková, M. Horváth 2, 3/W    2S     H   4        
 FiF.KAA/A-bpSZ-027/22  Computer-Assisted Translating 1 - I. Poláček 2, 3/S    2S     H   4        
 FiF.KSF/A-bpSZ-040/22  Introduction into Phraseology and Idiomatics - M. Dobríková 2, 3/S    2L     H   4        
 FiF.KSJ/A-bpSZ-052/22  Lexicology for Translators - O. Orgoňová, Z. Popovičová Sedláčková 2, 3/S    1L + 1S     H   4        
 FiF.KŽ/A-bpSZ-026/22  Creative Writing - M. Stanková 2, 3/S    2S     H   4        
 FiF.KSJ/A-AbpSZ-22/22  Stylistic Interpretation of Texts - Z. Popovičová Sedláčková 3/S    2S     H   4        
 FiF.KGNŠ/A-bpSZ-042/22  Terminology in translation practice - M. Štefková 3/S    1L + 1S     H   4        

Block: Bachelor's Degree Thesis Seminar min. 3 credits
Students enroll in one Seminar for Bachelor's Thesis according to its focus and to the department at which they carry out their bachelor's thesis.
Subject code Subject title - Teacher Ac. year
/Semester		 Range
and form		 Con-
cluding		 Credits Core
course		 Current
 FiF.KGNŠ/A-bpHO-502/15  Bachelor's Degree Thesis Seminar - B. Bossaert, P. Milošovičová, M. Štefková, J. Wolters 3/S    1S     H   3   C      
 FiF.KMJL/A-bpMA-501/15  Bachelor's Degee Thesis Seminar - Z. Csehy, A. Dušíková, I. Lanstyák, K. Misadová, O. Nádor, K. Sándor, S. Sebők, P. Száz 3/S    1S     H   3   C      
 FiF.KRVŠ/A-bpRU-501/15  Bachelor's Degree Thesis Seminar - N. Cingerová, I. Dulebová, M. Kusá, J. Ondrejkovičová, I. Posokhin, F. Shteinbuk, L. Madej 3/S    1S     H   3   C      
 FiF.KSJ/A-bpSK-502/15  Bachelor's Degree Thesis Seminar - A. Bohunická, G. Múcsková, K. Muziková, O. Orgoňová, Z. Popovičová Sedláčková, M. Kazharnovich, M. Horváth, A. Bokníková, P. Darovec, M. Fülöpová, D. Garay Kročanová, Z. Kákošová, M. Koliová, M. Masaryk, M. Mikšík, M. Vojtech, J. Kišová 3/S    1S     H   3   C      
 FiF.KRom/A-bpFR-501/15  Bachelor's Degree Thesis Seminar - K. Bednárová, J. Truhlářová, S. Moyšová, Z. Puchovská 3/S    1S     H   3   C      
 FiF.KRom/A-bpTA-501/15  Bachelor's Degree Thesis Seminar - P. Štubňa, I. Šuša, D. Tomasello, Z. Cardia Jačová, R. Sehnal 3/S    1S     H   3   C      
 FiF.KAA/A-bpAN-501/15  Bachelor's Degree Thesis Seminar - S. Bajáková, J. Barrer, B. Borošová, K. Brziaková, M. Gazdík, L. Grauzľová, M. Hroteková, M. Kabát, I. Lacko, D. Lančarič, J. Lonek, L. Paulínyová, J. Pecina, I. Poláček, A. Smiešková, L. Steyne, P. Šveda, L. Tonková, E. Reid 3/W    1S     H   3   C      
 FiF.KKSF/A-bpAR-501/15  Bachelor's Degree Thesis Seminar - J. Drobný, Z. Gažáková, M. Lacináková 3/W    1S     H   3   C      
 FiF.KRom/A-bpSP-501/15  Bachelor's Degree Thesis Seminar - B. Ulašin, S. Bondarenko Vertánová, M. Núňez López, E. Palkovičová, M. Sánchez Presa 3/S    1S     H   3   C      
 FiF.KGNŠ/A-bpNE-502/15  Bachelor's Degree Thesis Seminar - Z. Guldanová, E. Mayerová, A. Schneider, T. Sovinec, J. Stahl, M. Szabó, M. Šajánková, J. Tancer 3/S    1S     H   3   C      
 FiF.KSF/bpBU-051/22  Bachelor´s Degree Thesis Seminar - M. Dobríková, M. Mihaylova-Palanska, M. Hurbanič 3/W    1S     H   3   C      
 FiF.KSF/bpCH-501/22  Bachelor´s Degree Thesis Seminar - M. Dudok, P. Krejčí, G. Marjanović, Z. Taneski 3/W    1S     H   3   C     !  
 FiF.KKSF/A-bpGR-001/19  Bachelor's Degree Thesis Seminar - J. Grusková, B. Machajdíková, M. Andoková, Ľ. Eliášová Buzássyová, I. Lábaj 3/W    1S     H   3   C      
 FiF.KKSF/A-bpLA-001/19  Bachelor's Degree Thesis Seminar - Ľ. Eliášová Buzássyová, D. Hrnčiarová, A. Kalaš, M. Andoková, J. Grusková, I. Lábaj, B. Machajdíková 3/W    1S     H   3   C      
 
Elective courses

Block: elective subjects
Subject code Subject title - Teacher Ac. year
/Semester		 Range
and form		 Con-
cluding		 Credits Core
course		 Current
 FiF.KGNŠ/BNE-360/20  Effective Reading in a Foreign Language - German - A. Schneider 2, 3/S    2S     H   3        
 FiF.KGNŠ/bPTNE-030/18  Translator and CAT Tools - T. Sovinec 2, 3/S    2S     H   3        
 

State exams
Compulsory elective courses

Block: Bachelor's Degree Thesis Defence min. 12 credits
Subject code Subject title Credits Current
 FiF.KMJL/A-bpMA-801/15  Bachelor's Degree Thesis Defence   OB   12        
 FiF.KRVŠ/A-bpRU-801/15  Bachelor's Degree Thesis Defence   OB   12        
 FiF.KRom/A-bpFR-801/15  Bachelor's Degree Thesis Defence   OB   12        
 FiF.KRom/A-bpTA-801/15  Bachelor's Degree Thesis Defence   OB   12        
 FiF.KSJ/A-bpSK-801/15  Bachelor's Degree Thesis Defence   OB   12        
 FiF.KAA/A-bpAN-801/15  Bachelor's Degree Thesis Defence   OB   12        
 FiF.KKSF/A-bpAR-801/15  Bachelor's Degree Thesis Defence   OB   12        
 FiF.KRom/A-bpSP-801/15  Bachelor's Degree Thesis Defence   OB   12        
 FiF.KSF/A-bpBU-801/15  Bachelor's Degree Thesis Defence   OB   12        
 FiF.KSF/A-bpCH-801/15  Bachelor's Degree Thesis Defence   OB   12        
 FiF.KKSF/A-bpGR-002/19  Bachelor's Degree Thesis Defence   OB   12        
 FiF.KKSF/A-bpLA-002/19  Bachelor's Degree Thesis Defence   OB   12        
 FiF.KGNŠ/A-bpHO-801/15  Bachelor's Degree Thesis Defence   OB   12        
 FiF.KGNŠ/A-bpNE-801/15  Bachelor's Degree Thesis Defence   OB   12        
 

Such a symbol can occur after the teaching range: d - days in a semester, h - hours in a week, s - hours in a semester, t - weeks in a semester
When none of these symbols are given, expected range of teaching is "hours in a week".
Form: L - lecture, S - seminar, P - practicals, X - practice, C - course, E - excursion, TS - training session, IW - independent work, p - practical, FW - fieldwork, O - other, I - internship, LP - laboratory practicals, LS - lecture + seminar
Current: ! - course will not be implemented in the given academic year; + - course will not be implemented, perhaps the next academic year; - - course is implemented for the last time