LeBlanc, F. (2010) An Introduction to Stellar Astrophysics, Wiley

Gray, D. F. (1992) The Observation and Analysis of Stellar Photospheres, Cambridge University Press

Mihalas, D. (1978) Stellar Atmospheres, W. H. Freeman

Prialnik, D. (2009) An Introduction to the Theory of Stellar Structure and Evolution, Cambridge University Press, 2nd edition

Blackbody radiation, Stefan-Boltzmann law, specific intensity, flux, K-integral, Absorption and emission coefficient, Source function, Transfer equation, Radiative equilibrium and Milne equations, Grey atmosphere, Continuum absorption coefficient, Model atmosphere, Line absorption, Behavior of spectral lines, Chemical analysis and the line transfer equation, Stellar rotation, Turbulence in stellar atmospheres. Sources of stellar energy, Time scales, Conservation laws, The equations of stellar evolution, Properties of matter and energy transport, Nuclear reactions, Nuclear reaction rates and Gamow peak, Equilibrium stellar configurations, The stability of stars (thermal instability in degenerate gas, thin shell instability, dynamic instability, convection), Stellar evolution in rho-T diagram, An evolution of the stellar core and a structure of the star, The pre-main-sequence phase in HR diagram, Stellar evolution on the main sequence, Evolution away from main-sequence in HR diagram, Final stages of stellar evolution.

The students will proof the understanding of radiative transfer and the structure and evolution of stars.

Danby, J. M. A.: Fundamentals of Celestial Mechanics, Richmond, 1992

Murray, C.D., Dermott, S.F.: Solar System Dynamics, Cambridge University Press, 1999

Roy Archie E.: Orbital motion, Bristol : Institute of Physics Publishing, 2005

Brouwer, D., Clemence, G.: Methods of Celestial Mechanics, London 1961

Andrle, P.: Základy nebeské mechaniky, Praha, 1971

Two-body problem. Central orbits. General integrals of motion. Conservation laws. Relationship

between integral constants and orbital parameters. Kepler’s laws. Gauss’s constant, astronomical

unit, masses of planets. Energy integral and limits of velocities. Elliptical, parabolic and hyperbolic motion. Solution of Kepler’s equation. Orbit in space. Types of orbits in the Solar system. Ephemeris calculation. Time series. Fundamentals of orbit determination.

N-body problem. General integrals. Relative coordinates, concept of preturbations, disturbing function. Virial Theorem. General integrals of the n-body motion. Disturbing function. Perturbed orbits. Small impulses and the change of orbital elements. Lagrange's planetary equations, 1-st order solution. Introduction to resonances.

Restricted three-body problem. Jacobi integral. Lagrangian equilibrium points, stable and unstable solution. Tisserand invariant. Gravitational spheres.

Numerical solution of n-body problem, Cowell and Encke type.

Gravitational potential of a finite body. Perturbations in satellite motion.

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The students will proof the understanding of two and n body problem.

Basic definitions and assumptions, basic physical facts about the Sun. Internal structure of the Sun, energy production, energy transfer by radiation and convection. The solar neutrinos problem. Helioseismology. Solar atmosphere. Photospheric radiation, radiative transfer in the photosphere, Fraunhofer spectral lines, photospheric structures. Chromosphere. Transition region and corona, optically thin radiation, solar flares, coronal mass ejections. Solar activity and its

cycle, solar wind, solar-terrestrial connection, space weather. Magnetic fields in the solar atmosphere, measurements of the magnetic field strength, Stokes parameters. Solar dynamics,

differential rotation and its description.

Students will demonstrate knowledge and ability to physically describe the interior and atmosphere of the Sun.

An introduction to galaxies and cosmology / edited by Mark H. Jones and Robert J. Lambourne. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2004

Maoz, D. (2016) Astrophysics in a nutshell, Princeton University Press, 2nd edition

Binney, J, Tremaine S. (2008) Galactic Dynamics, Princeton University Press, 2nd edition

Sparke, L. S., Gallegher, J. S. (2007) Galaxies in the Universe, Cambridge University Press

Padmanabhan, T. (2002) Theoretical astrophysics: Volume 3: Galaxies and cosmology, Cambridge University Press

Galactic coordinates and proper motions in galactic coordinates; Solar motion, Local standard of rest (LSR); theory of galactic rotation; Oort’s equations and constants; rotation curve, dark matter; spiral structure of the Galaxy; galactic bar; stellar dynamics; regular and irregular forces in stellar systems; basic equation of stellar dynamics; characteristics of trajectories of stars; perturbations: epicyclic motion in the galactic plane and cyclic motion in a plane normal to the galactic plane; dark matter dynamics and generalized gravity, apparent distribution of stars, differential and integral function of brightness, luminosity function, interstellar absorption. Models of the Galaxy; Galactic structures: spiral arms, galactic warp and flare, stellar streams; resonances in the Galaxy; classification of galaxies, their structure, and properties; methods of determining galactic masses and distances; radial galactic velocities, redshift, and Hubble’s law; galactic gas; space distribution of galaxies, local group of galaxies, clusters of galaxies; basics of galactic evolution; galactic mergers and interaction with intergalactic gas; active galaxies, galactic nuclei, quasars.

The students will gain and proof the overview and understanding of the-state-of-the-art knowledge in the field of galactic and extragalactic astronomy.