Current sources on the studied issues

Defined in the individual study plan of the doctoral student and in the Study Regulations of FPHARM CU.

The doctoral student will obtain the rating completed with credit value after successfully defending the dissertation thesis. Fulfillment of required conditions according to regulations and submission of dissertation thesis.

English language

1) The doctoral student will prepare a dissertation thesis. Through the dissertation, the student demonstrates the ability and readiness for independent scientific and creative activity in the field of research or development or for independent theoretical and creative activity. It should be characterized by a high degree of analysis and synthesis of knowledge, as well as a sufficient overview of the existing literature. The work must be original, created by the author in compliance with the rules of working with information sources. The school work must not have the character of plagiarism, nor must it infringe the copyrights of other authors. The author is obliged to thoroughly cite the information sources used, to name the specific and specific research results of other authors or authors, by citing the relevant source, to accurately describe the methods and working procedures of other authors or collectors, to document laboratory results and field research of other authors or collectives. The citation technique is guided by the practice in the given scientific field, respecting the relevant standards and norms. 2) The doctoral student will briefly state the essential content of his / her dissertation, its concept, results and contribution in the defense of the dissertation. 3) The doctoral student will take a position on the opinions of the opponents, in particular he will comment on all objections and comments and answer their questions. 4) During the discussion, the doctoral student will answer all questions and take a stand on all suggestions and objections of its participants.

after a successful defense he / she will obtain a title PhD.

Current sources on the studied issues.

Defined in the individual study plan of the doctoral student and in the Study Regulations of FPHARM CU.

The doctoral student will obtain the rating completed with credit value after successfully passing the dissertation exam with the result passed

English language

1) The dissertation examination consists of a part consisting of a discussion of the written work for the dissertation examination - project proposal.

2) The dissertation examination consists of a part in which the doctoral student has to demonstrate theoretical knowledge in the specified subjects of the dissertation examination.

3) The subjects of the dissertation examination consist of the main subject and secondary subjects according to the characteristics of the study program of the doctoral degree in the field of study.

At the dissertation exam, the student must demonstrate not only knowledge of the specified subjects of the exam, but also the ability under the supervision of the supervisor to submit a dissertation project proposal, method of solving experimental procedures, ability to form conclusions based on results and defend their project proposal before a committee of the doctoral study.

D. Voet, J. Voet: Biochemistry, 4th ed., John Wiley & Sons, 2010.

G. Litwack: Human Biochemistry, 1st ed., Elsevier, 2017.

Selected chapters will be provided in electronic form.

Successful completion of the exam.

English language

Lecturers: doc. Mgr. Andrea Bilková, PhD.; doc. Mgr. Martina Hrčka Dubničková, PhD.; doc. PharmDr. Marek Obložinský, PhD.; RNDr. František Bilka, PhD.; Ing. Ľudmila Pašková, PhD.

 Dynamic concept of properties and functions of the biological system.

 DNA, RNA: composition, bonds and stability, biological significance.

 Biomembranes, respiratory chain, generation of energy.

 Metabolism of nutrients – interrelationship, thermodynamic aspect, energetical aspect, biological oxidations.

 Enzymology of nutrient metabolism – catabolism and anabolism – carbohydrates, simple and complex lipids, amino acids, nucleotides, proteins.

 Enzyme kinetics.

 Basic issues of xenobiochemistry and its attributes.

 Integration of metabolism in terms of physiological and pathological conditions of the organism.

 Experimantal techniques with animal and plant cell cultures.

 Plant biochemistry: nitrogen metabolism, enzymology of secondary metabolites, signalling cascades.

After completing selected chapters in biochemistry, the PhD.-student can manage (i) basic biochemical and molecular-biological analyzes, (ii) methodical procedures related to protein analysis techniques, and (iii) enzymological studies on cellular and molecular levels. The student will obtain knowledge about metabolic pathways and their regulation at the level of (i) signaling molecules, (ii) localization at a subcellular level, and (iii) monitoring of gene expression, which creates the precondition for studying the drug mechanism of individual pharmacotherapeutic groups.

Brunton LL, Hilal-Dandan R, Knollmann BC et al. Goodman & Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 13e, McGraw-Hill Education 2018

Golan D. E., Tashjian Jr A. H.., Armstrong E. J., Armstrong A. Wet al. .: Principles of Pharmacology: The Pathophysiologic Basis of Drug Therapy, 3rd 4th Edition. Lippincott Williams&Wilkins, 20172

Katzung BG, Vanderah TW et al. : Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, 15e, McGraw Hill 2021

Rang, H.P., Dale, M.M. a kol.: Rang and Dale´s Pharmacology, 7th ed. London, Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier, 2012

Ritter JM. et al.: Rang and Dale's Pharmacology E-Book, Elsevier, 9th ed., 2018

Successful passing of the exam

English language

Lecturers: prof. PharmDr. Adriana Ďuriš Adameová, PhD.; prof. PharmDr. Ján Klimas, PhD., MPH.; doc. Peter Křenek, PhD.; doc. PharmDr. Anna Paul Hrabovská, PhD.; doc. PharmDr. Marek Máťuš, PhD.; Mgr. Peter Vavrinec, PhD.; Mgr. Diana Vavrincová, PhD

The focus is on one or more of the following areas of pharmacology:

- pharmacodynamics with respect to the mechanism of action of drugs

- pharmacokinetics

- pharmacogenomics

- adverse effects of drugs

- drug overdose

- therapeutic use of drugs

Special pharmacology

- pharmacology of drugs with effect on the central nervous system

- pharmacology of drugs with effect on the autonomous nervous system

- pharmacology of drugs with effect on the smooth muscles

- pharmacology of drugs with effect on the cardiovascular system and kidneys

- pharmacology of blood, inflammation

- pharmacology of drugs with effect on the respiratory system

- pharmacology of drugs with effect on the gastrointestinal system

- pharmacology of drugs with effect on the endocrine system

- pharmacology of anti-infective drugs

- pharmacology of anticancer drugs

- new directions of therapy of diseases using biological drugs

Expansion and intensification of knowledge from pharmacology the can be used by the student to formulate scientific hypotheses to create a basis for the analytical part of the dissertation and to formulate conclusions following the obtained results.

Vander`s Human Physiology 12th Ed, McGraw/Hill, Ed., NY, by EP Widmaier, H Raff, KT Strang, 2011, ISBN 978/0/07/122215/0.

Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology, 2nd edition, Saunders Elsevier, St. Louis, by EP Solomon, 2009, ISBN 072160045X/9780721600451.

Human Anatomy and Physiology, Pearson Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco, by EN Marieb, K Hoehn, 2007, ISBN 032137294-8.

Human Physiology, 3rd edition, Oxford University Press, by G Pocock, 2006, ISBN 0198568789.

Basics of Medical Physiology, Comenius University in Bratislava, by D Ostatníková, 2017, ISBN 978-80-223-4196-7.

Essentials of Human Physiology for Pharmacy, CEC Press, 2008, by LK McCorry (e-version).

Successful completion of the exam.

English language

Teachers: prof. PharmDr. Adriana Duriš Adameová, PhD., doc. PharmDr. Peter Křenek, PhD., prof. PharmDr. Ján Klimas, PhD., MPH., doc. PharmDr. Anna Paul Hrabovská, PhD., PharmDr. Tomáš Rajtík, PhD., PharmDr. Eva Kráľová, PhD.

Advanced insights to general Anatomy and Physiology of human body systems. Structural characteristics of the organs and tissue. Epithelial, connective tissues. Bones, skeleton. Muscular system. Types of muscle tissue. Excitation-Contraction Coupling (ECC). Mechanism of contraction. Nervous system - organization, structure, function. Physiology of Nerve. Central nervous system. Peripheral nervous system - somatic, autonomic. Somatic, visceral reflex arc. Special Senses. Physiology of vision, hearing, equilibrium, and orientation. Endocrine System. Organization and feedback system. Hormones. Glands and their hormones. Organization of cardiovascular system. Structure, function, and factors affecting heart, vessels, circulation. ECG. Autonomic regulation of vascular lumen diameter. Blood pressure. Blood composition, plasma, elements, and their role in the body. Blood clotting. Lymphatic system. Respiratory System. Respiratory Tract, Mechanics of Breathing, Gas Transport, Neurochemical Control of Breathing. Digestive System. Anatomy and Function of the Organs. Basic functional units. Enterohepatic circulation. Secretory function of stomach, liver, pancreas, intestine. Physiology of digestion. Nutrition. Regulation of Body Temperature. Urinary System. Anatomy and Functions of the Kidneys, Accessory Excretory Structures, Urine. Countercurrent multiplier. Mechanism of micturition. Acid-Base Balance. Body Fluids. Anatomy and Physiology of Reproductive System. Male and Female Reproductive Organs, hormones, menstrual cycle.

The participant of the course, a doctoral student, expands and completes the knowledge about the functions and relationships between tissues, organs, and organ systems of the human body, acquired in the subject of physiology. He learns in more detail the newly or experimentally identified mechanisms of physiological functions of the cell, organs, and their systems. Participants acquire advanced knowledge about metabolism, internal environment, adaptation mechanisms and communication between various components of the body and their coordination and subsequent function. Participant will use such advanced knowledge in other biomedically oriented subjects of pharmaceutical studies.

Lodish H. et al.: Molecular Cell Biology. 7th ed., New York: W.H. Freeman, 2012.

Papachristodoulou D., Snape A., Elliott W.H., Elliott D.C.: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 6th ed., Oxford University Press, 2018.

Successful completion of the exam.

Teachers: doc. PharmDr. Marek Obložinský, PhD., RNDr. František Bilka, PhD., doc. Mgr. Andrea Bilková, PhD., Mgr. Ondrej Sprušanský, PhD., Ing. Ľudmila Pašková, PhD.

The flow of genetic information – the influencing possibilities of drugs: replication, transcription,

translation and posttranslational modifications. Mutations and DNA repair mechanisms.

Intracellular compartments and protein transport. Molecular-biological basis of some diseases.

Principles of cell communication (cell signalling system). Networking of protein kinases and

integration of signal processing. Transport processes in the cell. Principles of the DNA recombinant

technology. Principles of gene manipulations. DNA and RNA vaccines. Epigenetics. Introduction to pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics.

After completing of the subject the PhD. student will be able to understand the knowledge about the flow of genetic information and its possible influencing by drugs, about cell signaling systems due to the mechanisms of drug effects, and about the molecular-biological basis of some diseases and their therapy (f.e. influenza, AIDS, Alzheimer's disease). Also she/he will learn methodological procedures in molecular-biological laboratory (f.e. isolation of nucleic acids from biological material, electrophoretic procedures, PCR).

Textbook of pathology, 7th edition, by H. Mohan. Ed. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, India, 2014, ISBN 978-9351523697.

Vander`s Human Physiology 12th Ed, McGraw/Hill, Ed., NY, by EP Widmaier, H Raff, KT Strang, 2011, ISBN 978/0/07/122215/0.

Essentials of Human Physiology for Pharmacy, CEC Press, 2008, by LK McCorry (e-version).

Essentials of Pathophysiology, 3rd edition, by C.M. Porth. Ed. Lippincott and Wilkins: Philadelphia, 2011, ISBN 0781770874.

General and Systemic Pathology, 4th edition, by J.C.E. Underwood. Ed. Churchill Livingstone: NY, 2004 ISBN 0443073341/9780443073342.

Essentials of Pathophysiology for Pharmacy, 1st edition, MM Zdanovicz, CRC Press, 2002, by ISBN 781587160363 (e-version).

Pathophysiology, by I Hulín, Bratislava: Slovak Academis Press, 1997, ISBN 80-85665-90-5.

Successful completion of the exam.

English langugage

Teachers: prof. PharmDr. Ján Klimas, PhD., MPH, PharmDr. Tomáš Rajtík, PhD., PharmDr. Eva Kráľová, PhD., PharmDr. Stanislava Kosírová, PhD.

Metabolic disorders, obesity, metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, disorders of vitamins and elements.

Disorders of the internal environment, water and electrolyte management, acid-base homeostasis.

Interaction of the organism with the environment. Adaptation, stress, cell death.

Circulatory disorders in the cerebral circulation, pulmonary circulation, renal hypertension, ischemia in the mesenteric stream.

Changes in cardiac function. Cardiomyopathy. Congenital heart diseases. Diseases of the valves.

Skin diseases caused by infection, inflammation, allergies, skin efflorescences. Children's infectious diseases.

Kidney and urinary tract diseases. Nephrotic syndrome, pyelonephritis, stones, incontinence.

Pulmonary parenchymal diseases. Tuberculosis, pulmonary interstitial diseases, pneumoconiosis, fibrosis.

Selected intestinal diseases. Malabsorption - celiac disease, inflammatory bowel diseases - Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, appendicitis. Changes in the function of the gallbladder and bile ducts.

Infectious diseases - epidemiology, transmission, pathomechanisms, microbial flora, resistance, bacteria, parasites. Selected viral and fungal diseases.

Pathophysiology of the musculoskeletal system. Diseases of joints and muscles.

The participant of the course expands and completes the spectrum of syndromes and diseases from the individual organ systems, obtained within the study of the subject of pathology. Student learns in more detail recent and experimentally identified pathomechanisms leading to the damage of physiological functions of the cell, organs, and systems. Student will extend current knowledge about the disorders of metabolism, internal environment, adaptational mechanisms to the environmental changes and infectious diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. Acquired advanced knowledge will be used in conjunction with other biomedically oriented subjects of pharmacological program.

Mulder G.J. Pharmaceutical toxicology. Pharmaceutical Press 2006

Carson R.H.: The toxicology handbook for clinicians. Mosby Elsevier, Philadelphia, 2006

Hodgson E.: A textbook of modern toxicology, Wiley, 2010

Friedman L.M. et al.: Fundamentals of Clinical Trials, Springer 2015

Galin J.I. & Ognibene F.P.: Principles and Practice of Clinical Research, Academic Press 2007

Successfully passing the exam.

English language

Lecturers: Vyučujúci: doc. PharmDr. Anna Paul Hrabovská, PhD.; doc. PharmDr. Marek Máťuš, PhD.; Mgr. Ondrej Sprušanský, PhD.; Mgr. Peter Vavrinec, PhD.; Mgr. Diana Vavrincová, PhD.

Importance of toxicology for the field pharmacy. Factors influencing toxic effects. Basics of toxokinetics. Characteristics, course and complications of poisoning. Drug toxicology. Poisoning in children. Ethyl alcohol poisoning. Poisoning by addictive substances. Poisoning by substances of plant and animal origin. Chemical waste poisoning. Agricultural toxicology. Toxicology of ionizing radiation. Biological, chemical and radiation weapons. Antidote. Biological tests.

The class will enable the doctoral student to deepen and expand their knowledge about the toxic effects of xenobiotics on living organisms. The current boundaries of toxicology are considerably wide due to the number of chemical compounds in the environment, and toxic damage to the organism also occurs through long-term exposure to pollutants. It turns out that in today's developed societies there is a growing need for toxicologists; unfortunately, they are not specifically trained for this demand by any university. A well-educated pharmacist, who is constantly expanding their knowledge in the field of chemical-analytical and biological-pharmaceutical fields, could provide this need. In addition to toxicity, which is qualitatively influenced by dose, the second interesting property of chemical substances (drugs) is their storage in the body (accumulation).

Doan, T., Melvold, R., Viselli, S., Waltenbaugh, C.: Lippincotts Illustrated Reviews Immunology. Wolters Kluwer Health, 2021

Buc M.: Basic and Clinical Immunology. Comenius University in Bratislava, 2020

Successful passing the exam

English

Teacher: doc. Mgr. Andrea Bilková, PhD., doc. Mgr. Martina Hrčka Dubničková, PhD.

The course Immunology deals with the knowledge of basic and clinical immunology. The student is acquainted with the composition and function of the human immune system, the mechanisms of cellular and humoral immunity, as well as the preventive, therapeutic and practical use of immunology in medicine and pharmaceutical practice. The basic part of Immunology deals with inflammation, fever, structure and function of complement, cytokines, antigens and antibodies. Emphasis is placed on the preparation and use of monoclonal antibodies in pharmacy and medicine, without which modern diagnostics and therapy of diseases would not be possible. The clinical part of Immunology focuses on anti-infective, transplant and anti-tumor immunity and also deals with immunopathological diseases, as well as the latest immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive pharmaceuticals, preparation, application and use of vaccines and passive immunization products for disease prevention and therapy. The conclusion represent the principles of basic immunodiagnostic methods that pharmacists encounter in practice.

By completing the course, the doctoral student will expand his/her knowledge about the importance and function of the human immune system as well as about the mechanisms of its action. In a comprehensive view, he/she will obtain additional information on how drugs, when applied to the body, act on specific immune mechanisms that are essential in the prevention and treatment of diseases. Student will also understand the principles and ways of using the immunodiagnostic methods that the pharmacist encounters in practice.

European Pharmacopoeia 10 th Ed. Strasbourg: EDQM, 2022 Aulton, M. E.: Aulton´s Pharmaceutics: the design and manufacture of medicines - Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2018 Mikušová, V.; Mikuš, P.: Advances in Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 9652. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179652

Successful passing of the exam

English language

Lecturers: PharmDr. Veronika Mikušová, PhD., PharmDr. Juraj Piešťanský, PhD., doc. RNDr. Miroslava Šupolíková, PhD.

Pharmaceutical preparations are of a dosage (application) form which depends on the means of administration and coexistence of relevant drugs and excipients. Pharmaceutical technology (galenics) deals with composition, formulation, production, evaluation, and quality assurance of individually prepared and manufactured pharmaceutical preparations. It studies conditions for formulation of drugs and excipients into pharm. preparations, rules governing these processes, relations of the preparation with the effect of contained drugs. The subject of the study are these areas: - Pharm. preparations as systems composed of drugs and excipients (constitutive, stabilizing, corrective, etc.), conditions for coexistence of components in pharm. preparation. - Procedures and devices for preparation and manufacturing of pharm. preparations - Evaluation and quality assurance of pharm. preparations in terms of composition, technology, structure - Relations between the pharm. preparation and bioavailability of administered drugs - Stability of pharm. preparations and its possible ensuring - Containers ‘materials, technique for pharm. preparations ‘containers, study of interactions between containers and drugs / excipients Current research is oriented to drug carriers (polymeric, lipid - liposomes) in the role of drug delivery systems as nanoparticles. It begins with the synthesis of the carrier, incorporation of the drug, continues with formulation of dosage form, stability studies of formulated particles and in vitro drug release study. At the end of this difficult process the biologic activity and in vivo bioavailability are evaluated in cooperation with other departments/institutions. Also, nanodispersion systems as e.g., micro- and nanoemulsions are studied, especially related to low soluble drugs (e.g., terbinafine, minoxidil, indomethacin, tretinoin) intended for topical application with local or systemic effect e.g., also using the mechanisms of transdermal passage. In the preparation of these systems, various types of polymers (e.g., chitosan, thermosensitive polymers) and specific excipients are used to create a specific structure of given formulation with improved properties (e.g., better bioadhesion, stability, capacity to release the low soluble drugs, improved permeation, and penetration to target tissues in required concentration).

By passing the course, the PhD. student will have a complex theoretical knowledge of drugs as dispersion and application systems in terms of theoretical and practical preparation of innovative dosage forms.

Clark D.P. a Pazdernik N.J.: Biotechnology. Oxford: Academic Cell 2016.

Daan J. A. Crommelin, Robert D. Sindelar, Bernd Meibohm: Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Cahm: Springer 2019.

Passing of the exam.

English language

Teacher: doc. Mgr. Andrea Bilková, PhD.; doc. PharmDr. Marek Obložinský, PhD.; RNDr. František Bilka, PhD.; Ing. Ľudmila Pašková, PhD.

Biological drugs - definition, characterization, classification.

- Methods of recombinant DNA in biotechnology.

- Application of recombinant DNA in the biopharmaceuticals production. Cloning and expression vectors.

- Design and production of biological drugs I. Up-stream processes.

- Design and production of biological drugs II. Down-stream processes.

- Molecular-technological aspects in the field of biological drugs. Methods of quality control and analysis. Methods increasing the efficiency and stability of biologicals. Biosimilars.

- Plant biotechnology in pharmacy.

- Protein based biologicals I - recombinant enzymes, hormones, growth factors, cytokines and interferons.

- Protein based biologicals II - recombinant vaccines.

- Protein based biologicals III - monoclonal antibodies.

- Biomedical engineering. Principles and mechanisms of gene therapy. Nucleic acid-based biological drugs.

- Cloning - reproductive and therapeutic..

- Dispensing biopharmaceutical products. Economic consideration and legislative.

Passing the course, the PhD. student will expand his/her knowledge about the possibilities of drug preparation using current biotechnological procedures, based on the manipulation of nucleic acids and using recombinant DNA. Emphasis is placed on the up-stream and down-stream phase of the production process. The student will get acquainted with different types of cloning and expression vectors and their application in the production of specific biopharmaceuticals (e.g. r-hormones, r-cytokines, r-vaccines, r-enzymes and r-monoclonal antibodies). The course will also provide information on the actual therapeutic trends, such as gene therapy, therapeutic cloning and the use of stem cells in the treatment of specific diseases.

Begg EJ. Instant clinical Pharmacology. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 2003. 112 p.

Katzung BG, Masters SB, Trevor AJ: Basic and clinical pharmacology. The McGraw-Hill

Companies, Inc. 2012, 1245 p.

Ritter JM, Lewis LD, Mant TGK, Ferro M: A Textbook of Clinical Pharmacology and

Therapeutics. Hodder Arnold Hachette Livre UK. 2008. 476 p

Passing of the exam.

English

Teachers: prof. PharmDr. Ján Klimas, PhD., MPH., prof. RNDr. Magdaléna Kuželová, CSc., doc. PharmDr. Anna Paul Hrabovská, PhD., PharmDr. Gabriel Dóka, PhD., PharmDr. Stanislava Kosírová, PhD.

ATC codes A – V:

- the most current problems of therapeutic use of medicines,

- standard therapeutic procedures,

- identification and solving of pharmacotherapeutic problems,

- recommendations for the rational use of medicines in pharmacotherapy.

The issue of over-the-counter medicines in relation to high-risk groups of patients,

- interactions of over-the-counter medicines,

- prescription from the perspective of non-rational pharmacotherapy

- pharmacotherapeutic problems, first aid, therapy, case reports:

- the most common diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, diarrhea, constipation,

- insomnia and fear,

- cough, shortness of breath,

- fever,

- headache,

- bleeding disorders,

- minor fungal and viral infections,

- ENT diseases,

- selected diseases of the mucous membrane

- obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, nutritional supplements for good practice,.

- particular symptoms of CNS disease,

- the most common skin damage,

- basics of patient examination, characteristics and first aid:

- stomachache,

- chest pain and back pain,

- dizziness and vomiting,

- shock and unconsciousness.

By completing the course, the PhD student markedly expands and deepens basic information about therapeutic options and possible adverse drug reactions of selected pharmacotherapeutic groups of medicines. Student gains an advanced overview of the latest recommendations for the rational use of medicines in pharmacotherapy. Student gets the latest information on the issue of over-the-counter medicines.

Completion of the course will contribute to better employment of PhD graduates in clinical practice as partners of doctors when solving common pharmacotherapeutic problems.